Every dissertation has to find some unique way to answer a pressing question to count as adding something substantial to its academic domain. Sometimes these methodologies can feel strained and concerned merely with novelty. Other times an author will put their finger on something that not only illuminates the subject in question but also changes the way you understand the topic. Mona Tokarek LaFosse’s published version of her dissertation, Honouring Age: The Social Dynamics of Age Structure in 1 Timothy, does the latter. In it, LaFosse uses the framework of age and how different age groups relate to each other to bring clarity to the concerns of the letter of 1 Timothy as well as answer some long-held scholarly debates about the widows in 1 Timothy 5.

After arguing for the need to look at 1 Timothy through the lens of age in chapter 1, LaFosse uses contemporary ethnographic research on traditional Mediterranean societies to construct two models: 1) age status and the generational cycle and 2) generational stability and social change (chapter 2). These models help to illustrate the age structure of traditional Mediterranean societies and how such structures dictate proper behavior, especially concerning honor. LaFosse is careful to avoid anachronism here and only uses these ethnographic studies to provide a probable starting point that is corrected in light of ancient evidence. In chapter 3, LaFosse proposes a setting for the letter of 1 Timothy (which she takes to be heteronymous. Editor’s note: written by someone other than Paul, see below) in the generation after the apostles when the recipients would have been in generational uncertainty in the wake of the loss of the older Christian generation (represented by Paul) and heightened by the conflict surrounding the false teachers. These concrete realities are answered by the letter’s reinforcement of traditional age structure and the corresponding proper behaviors of those within the church (the subject of chapter 4).

Chapter five through eight, focusing on widows in 1 Timothy, are the heart of the book. Here is where LaFosse’s models become the most helpful. There is no need for her to posit an office of the widow because concerns about widows within a household–both how they were honored and how they could disgrace the (church) family if they didn’t conform to proper behavior–were serious and persistent concerns in the ancient Mediterranean (chapter 5). In chapter 6 LaFosse addresses the two difficulties of the sixty+ age requirement to be put on the “list” (1 Tim 5:9). In short, sixty was considered the demarcation of old age, and the “list” was public recognition of such a widow’s honorable and virtuous life. “The idea of ‘enlisting’ exemplary widows in 1 Tim. 5:9 reflects a similar sense of awarding public honour to those who behave properly and piously—those who embodied the ideals of a virtuous woman over her lifetime” (145). This was important not merely for the sake of honor itself, but because of the vital role an older widow would play in the guidance and formation of younger widows (chapter 7). Chapter eight proposes the “believing woman” (1 Tim 5:16) as a middle-aged woman who was neglecting her duties towards the younger widows, and thus, is the target of Paul’s critique.

I should add one final note that is less a criticism than a question my mind kept returning to as I read her book. As is common in academic circles, LaFosse understands 1 Timothy as pseudonymous (though she prefers the term “heteronymous”). She provides the typical reasons (pp. 11-12): different vocabulary from the “undisputed” Pauline letters, the difficulty in placing 1 Timothy within the timeline of Paul’s life and other letters, and the emphasis on hierarchy as opposed to the (allegedly non-hierarchical) body metaphor. This she takes as evidence for a later date and her own work showing the concern for age and the anxiety caused by generational change would reinforce a compositional date after Paul’s lifetime. Yet, as I read LaFosse I wondered if her own work actually undermined her hypothetical reconstruction of the letter’s setting. If concerns over age structure and dynamics were an ever-present reality in the ancient Mediterranean world, then it would be a concern within Paul’s lifetime just as much as after. That is, why should we think that the real Paul wouldn’t be concerned about age dynamics? It only is a problem if we first assume that somehow Paul stood outside of time and place, aloof from his own culture and concerns. Why shouldn’t he think young men should honor elders or older widows train up and guide younger widows? My intuition is to think he would, but just asking the question illustrates the value of LaFosse’s book.

Reviewed by Ryan Clevenger

Publisher’s page: https://www.mqup.ca/honouring-age-products-9780228019350.php

Christ healing the blind man, by Andrei N. Mironov (2009).

When Jesus was on Earth, he spent much of his time in ministry healing the body and souls of those around him. There are several instances in scriptures where we see this. In John 4:43–54, Jesus healed an official’s son in Galilee. He drove spirits out of a man in Luke 4:31–36. In Matthew 8:14, He healed Peter’s mother-in-law. In Mark 1:40–45, He healed a man with leprosy. These are only a few of the dozens of healing miracles Jesus performed.

When Jesus called His disciples to continue His ministry, He, through the Holy Spirit, gave His followers the power to heal. Take, for example, Peter. In Acts 3:1–11, Peter healed a beggar who was unable to walk. In Acts 8:5–7, Philip healed several sick believers. Paul also healed the sick on several occasions.

As Charismatics, we believe wholeheartedly that the gift of healing still remains, 2000 years later. Through the Holy Spirit, Christ still gives some the power to heal in His name. This can, of course, still happen through one who is given the gift. Believers have also been known to come together and storm Heaven with prayers over a loved one, resulting in their healing.

While in biblical times, we saw true miracles and instantaneous full healing of those with physical, mental, and spiritual disabilities and health issues, what does the gift of healing look like today?

Advances in healthcare have led to increase in worry over one’s own well-being, wasteful spending, and a lack of concern for the well-being of others in our community. Indeed, we have come to view health as a commodity to possess and control. Commodities run out; thus, the fear of loss causes us to focus only on what we have and can maintain, rather than on ensuring everyone has enough.  Cutillo urges us to view health and healthcare from the margins, with those individuals who are often unable to afford and thus acquire healthcare. By so doing, we can resist the flow of healthcare as only a multi-billion-dollar industry and pursue justice in the distribution of healthcare at the local level. Moreover, instead of keeping medicine and faith apart, Cutillo argues for a complementary relationship, using Christianity as a means “to explore how we pursue health and practice healthcare” (p. 16). Indeed, this is the purpose of the book.

The book is divided into four parts: The first part discusses how individuals have come to see health as something to control; while the second part suggests that medics need a new way of seeing the patient. Part three addresses the fear of death and how we can view dying differently, and the final section offers a way forward to viewing healthcare as a gift that should be shared within the wider community in light of the intersection of medicine and faith.

Unrealistic Expectations

Bob Cutillo

Cutillo shows how even from the Genesis account, we have the proclivity to want to control our circumstances. Although God has declared all creation good, Adam and Eve sought more—the knowledge of good and evil. Since then, humans have had to make decisions based on what they understand of good and bad. We don’t want what is bad, and because society deems sickness and disease as bad, we try to control outcomes so that we can avoid them at all costs. In turn, we become anxious about those outcomes. Cutillo points out that because God is active in the world, he “is able to incorporate even the things we assume bad into a greater plan [that can] change the way we pursue health and face sickness” (p. 68). Thus, we don’t have to waste our energies in worrying about our health but focus on living.

Disembodiment

Medical students are trained to see the body in parts, but by breaking the whole into parts, they can lose sight of the whole altogether. When healthcare practitioners dissect the human patient into discrete parts, they no longer see the needs of the human before them, only their disease. Moreover, the propensity to tick the heuristic box of symptoms to diagnose disease avoids the altogether larger issue of how the individual is in other contexts of being and disallows the uniqueness of individuals to assist in both diagnosis and remedy. The result is that we separate the body from the soul.

The kind of book Evangelical Christians need to be reading on navigating Christian-Muslim relations today is the kind of book Matthew Kaemingk has written in Christian Hospitality and Muslim Immigration in an Age of Fear. So then, I am beginning this review with a positive recommendation right up front. Please let me explain why.

Matthew Kaemingk is assistant professor of Christian ethics and associate dean at Fuller Theological Seminary. Kaemingk earned his Master of Divinity from Princeton Theological Seminary and holds doctoral degrees in Systematic Theology from the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam and in Christian Ethics from Fuller Theological Seminary. Kaemingk is an ordained minister in the Christian Reformed Church. He presently lives in Houston with his wife Heather and their three sons Calvin, Kees, and Caedmon.

Matthew Kaemingk

Kaemingk’s research and teaching focus is on Islam and political ethics, faith and the workplace, theology and culture, and Reformed public theology. Thus Christian Hospitality and Muslim Immigration in an Age of Fear comes rather directly out of his primary expertise. And it shows. The Foreword by Jamie Smith, quite the heavy hitter himself and a Charismatic Calvinist on top of that, not only testifies to the credibility of Kaemingk’s work and frames it for readers but helps connect it with Evangelical Reformed readers as well as Pentecostal/Charismatic readers.

Matthew Kaemingk faces several pressing questions head-on. How can diverse people live together? How should Western Christians respond to their new Muslim neighbors? Can Islam and Christianity peacefully coexist? Are there limits to religious freedom and tolerance? How much religious diversity can a single nation withstand? He believes the far left’s unqualified concessions and the far right’s reflex aggressions are both mistaken. Yet he does not simply draw a line down the middle between the two. He proposes another option: “Christian hospitality” or, as he (cover aside) more often puts it, “Christian pluralism”. Yet before prematurely dismissing him at this point readers should note that he does not mean by “pluralism” what may be the first thought which comes to many minds (i.e. he is certainly no John Hick). Kaemingk is firmly committed to the exclusivity of Jesus Christ as the one and only Savior and Lord. He is also firmly committed to loving neighbors—even enemies, if so they be—of other faiths.